The Movie Animals Essay - 2000 Words

Animals portrayed in films. First thought of these words and you instantly think of either a savage beast that’s right there to rip and tear off your bare flesh, eat you alive, slowly and painfully if you do the wrong thing in front of it, don’t get away from it fast enough or find yourself lost and are on a journey to safety and run into wild beasts; or it is something that is worth protecting for your entire life, it will do whatever it can to be reunited with you or protect you. Even if it means it’s sacrificing their life in the process, just to make sure that their master’s/friend’s lives can continue. But how accurate are these portrayals? Ever since the beginning of films, there have been animals either killing humans viciously, or saving their lives miraculously. And since the beginning of films, these have stuck in the mind of people for years, changed how people portrayed certain animals into stereotypes and omens. Whether they be omens of good fortune to people living in the old days, or bad omens to people and their culture, they have been created by Hollywood and found a place in the hearts and brains of millions that believe their banter to be 100% true. But what types of films have implanted these beliefs and superstitions on people? Films that show the gruesome sides of animals as cold, black-hearted and deadly killers include films like â€Å"The Grey† (2011), where a few survivors of a plane crash must survive in wolf territory while trying to find safety,Show MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Movie Nocturnal Animals 1511 Words   |  7 PagesNocturnal Animals is a movie written and directed and by the fashion juggernaut Tom Ford, who used capital earned from his brand to fund most of his movies and become a film director. In my opinion, Ford was extremely successful in transferring his artistry and creativity to cross the bridge from the fashion industry taking it to Hollywood. The movie features Amy Adams, known for her role as a supporting actress in the Superman movies which was not well received by the critics and American HustleRead MoreAnalysis of Animal Kindom an Australian Movie1240 Words   |  5 PagesAnimal kingdom (2010) is an Australian movie about a seventeen-year-old boy named Josh Cody who is immersed in a world of crime during the mid-1980’s. Due to the death of his mother Josh is left with no other option then to move in with his criminal relatives. Josh’s grandmother Janine (also referred to as ‘Smurf’) welcomes Josh to live with her and her three beloved sons, Andrew (Pope), Craig and Darren. Craig is a mid level drug dealer whilst Pope and his best friend Barry Brown (Baz) are armedRead MoreMovie Analysis : The Hunter 999 Words   |  4 PagesMovie Review- The Hunter Looking for something unique and unforgettable? The Hunter is the one. It has a great meaning behind the story and great visual affects. 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Zootopia is a large city whereRead MoreAnimal Farm Essay838 Words   |  4 Pageswatching the movie, I was expecting ninety minutes of boredom, a movie that didnt follow the storyline of the novel. But based on the spectacular anecdote written by George Orwell, thanks to the director John Stephenson and Producer Greg Smith, the satire Animal Farm becomes a movie . Like the book, the movie is a drama/ action film. It focuses on a farm, - Manor Farm- which is run by an alcoholic farmer known as the character Jones. Jones mistreats, abuses and starves the animals, forcing themRead MorePlot Of The Film The Night On Amity Island 1689 Words   |  7 Pagesthe safety of the public. According to the mayor, the beaches should be open because the weekend of 4th of July is very busy and lucrative. On a second incident, a young boy suffers the same fate. His mother promises to reward whoever will kill the animal (Benchley, 2012). Benchley (2012) continues to narrate that there is an eruption of pandemonium when every boat owner embarks on a frantic hunt for the shark so as to win the reward. Matt Hooper, the oceanographer, is called by Chief BrodyRead MoreWatership Down by Richard Adams689 Words   |  3 Pagesa child the movie was non other than a film about a group of rabbits escaping their home, which is being destroyed, in hopes of finding a new place to reside. You may want to believe this movie is just about rabbits, but through the eyes of an adult this movie has a very different meaning. The use of animals in children’s movies to make a film kid friendly has been done for years. This is one reason why the rabbits are so effective in telling this tale. Rabbits are cute cuddly animals that presentRead MoreCompare and Contrast Life of Pi book and movie Essay1100 Words   |  5 Pagesreaders of the book and viewers of the movie perplexed about which story was the accurate one and is what made it such a success. 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People often thriveRead MoreThe Simple Minded Or Not?997 Words   |  4 Pagesthis for the simple minded or for the people that see past appearances? Jared Bush, Byron Howard, and Rich Moore came up with a movie called Zootopia, which goes into detail on how everyone without thinking is being simple minded. Instead of using people, animals were used to create an allusion of how life is and how things are misinterpreted in everyday life. The movie is addressed to child to show them that it is not okay to think that someone is bad or good based on what that person looks like

Similarities Between Civilizations And Ancient Civilizations

Although the Mesopotamia civilization was thought to be located in between the Tigris and Euphrates river , which is now west of Iraq , and the Indus Valley civilization was thought to be located near the Indus Valley , now New Delhi , India , these two civilizations have many similarities and also many differences . These specific similarities and differences range from location , religion , way of life , types of governments , political structures , social structures , intuitions and many more . Both civilizations are considered to be ancient civilizations , meaning , based on the free dictionary* , the history of an ancient world from the earliest known civilizations to the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in 476 a.d . In this essay I will explain and inform , you the reader , about the similarities and differences between these two civilizations . The first known civilization in the Fertile Crescent was uncovered in the 1800 s in Mesopotamia . The Tigris and Euphrates river s define Mesopotamia , which means , between the rivers , in Greek. This civilization is known for many things , but one of the main things they are known for are creating the first writing systems. Their form of writing , cuneiform , used different pictures to represent various objects but soon shifted to the use of geometric shapes to symbolize spoken sound. Also using judicial literature , one of Hammurabi s code of laws , and tipped literature stylus for writing , or recordShow MoreRelatedSimilarities Between Ancient And Ancient Civilizations950 Words   |  4 Pagesand Egyptians all prospered from the great rivers which their mighty civilizations once resided by, earning them the title of river valley civilizations. These civilizations grew thanks a lot to their riverine environments and as a result of this fortune were able to advance skills, pursue knowledge, and develop culture. Ancient cultures such as the Sumerians, Babylonians, and Egyptians made a variation of i nfluences to civilization. All Sumerian sculpture served as adornment or ritual equipment forRead MoreSimilarities Between Egypt And Ancient Civilizations1727 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout human history we have had government. Almost every civilization that humans have founded over the years has had some form of government. They include dictatorships, republics, oligarchies, and monarchies. Monarchies have been a common one through history. A monarchy is a form of government in which a country is ruled by a figured such as king or emperor. Since it was created many different forms of monarchy developed as different civilizations changed it to meet their needs. They changed the rolesRead MoreSimilarities And Differences Between Civilizations, Mesopotamia And Ancient China868 Words   |  4 PagesMany of the early world civilizations had similar experiences when evolving to become the influential societies that affected other societies. They were called the first civilizations be cause they were able to form the first functional communities, successful systems of organized laws over people, the distinction of social classes, economic income, and development of arts and educations. Two of histories well-known civilizations, Mesopotamia and Ancient China had similar experiences in the beginningsRead MoreAncient China Versus Ancient Greece Essay1008 Words   |  5 PagesAncient China Versus Ancient Greece Ancient China and Ancient Greece were two vastly different civilizations with different cultures; they shared a multitude of similar political, economic, and philosophical achievements while also inholding multiple differences. The centralized government of China differed from the independent city-states of Athens. A similarity that both civilizations held in regards to politics would be the role, or lack thereof one, that women played within their respectiveRead MoreSimilarities Between Ancient Egypt And Mesopotamia951 Words   |  4 Pagessocieties would form and later become civilizations. Two of the earliest considered civilizations in human history are Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia. However, because of the different geography, exposure to outside invasion, influence, and beliefs, Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia came to not only contrast in political and social structures but also share similarities in them as well. When it came to the development of Ancient Egyptian and Mesopotamian civilizations politics played a prominent role inRead MoreEgypt And Mesopotamia Similarities984 Words   |  4 Pageswhat ways were the civilizations of Mesopotamia and Egypt alike? In what ways were they different? What accounts for these similarities and differences? Mesopotamia and Egypt were the first known civilizations in history. While maintaining separate identities, they still managed to have a vast number of similarities. Differences that go beyond general location were also very prevalent between the two civilizations. One of the biggest similarities between the two civilizations is that they bothRead MoreAncient And Modern Day Olympics1335 Words   |  6 Pageswestern civilization, and it is one of the many parts given to us by Greek and Roman civilizations. The extent at which the various civilizations have been influenced can be seen through the similarities and differences between the ancient and modern Olympics. For example, women were not allowed to participate in the ancient Greek games. On the other hand, many of the events that took place in the ancient games are similar to the ones in modern day Olympics. Greek and Roman civilization has contributedRead MoreComparing The River Valley Civilizations1509 Words   |  7 PagesComparing and Contrasting River Valley Civilizations In the following treatise, the research that will be presented will provide criteria involving similarities and differences in three attributes of life in the four primary river valley civilizations. The river valley civilizations are composed of Mesopotamia, Egypt, the Indus Valley, and China. While each of these civilizations is unique in their habits and traditions, they share many similar qualities. For this work to be as comprehensive asRead MoreThe Old Testament And The Ancient Near East1543 Words   |  7 PagesTHE OLD TESTAMENT AND THE ANCIENT NEAR EAST I. Summary of Scholarly Debate Looking back, we can see glimpses of the lives of those who lived in the Ancient Near East, known as the ANE, through their stories and myths that have survived over centuries of time. Many of these stories contain unique elements that make each one personal to the civilization that they belong to, but there are common themes and ideas that are virtually shared between the traditional stories stemming from this region ofRead MoreThe Rise Of Civilizations On Egypt And Mesopotamia1530 Words   |  7 PagesThe rise of civilizations in Egypt and Mesopotamia occurred around the same time and the environment and natural forces affected the similarities and differences in social, political, and economic stability. There were many similarities and differences between both of these countries as well. In both cases, it was the river valley and geography that affected the agriculture, religious views, and government structures. The Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilization developed in the Midd le East and were

Quantitative Analysis Cheat Sheet free essay sample

Analytical chemistry: science of chemical measurement. Its object is the generation, treatment and evaluation of signals from which information is obtained on the composition and structure of matter Measurement: process of obtaining the magnitude of a quantity Example: The amount of saturated fat in the sample is 3 g/serving. Quantity: attribute of a phenomenon that may be distinguished qualitatively and determined quantitatively Value: magnitude of a particular quantity expressed as a unit of measured * a number Unit: particular quantity defined and adopted by convention for comparison of magni ? Globalization requires comparability of measurements Metric system: Meter Convention led to the signing of the Meter (1875) establishing the Bureau International des Poids et Measures In 1960, the 11th General Conference on Weights and Measures adopted the name Systeme International d’Unites (ISU) for recommended practical system of units of measurement Fundamental SI units: length (m), mass (kg), time, electric current (a), temp, luminous intensity – candela (cd), amount of substance (mol), plane angle (radian), solid angle (steradian) Meter: from 1/110^7 distance from equator to north pole ? distance travelled by light in a vacuum in 1/299, 792, 458 second Kg: only remaining unit whose definition is based on an international prototype ? Prototype 52 (Germany) 18 (UK) 20 (US) International proto (Sevres, France) 90% Pt, 10% Ir alloy SI derived: frequency(1/s), force, pressure (pascal), work, power (watt), charge (coulomb), electric potential (volt), elec resistance (ohm) 24-(-24) yotta, zetta, exa, peta, tera, giga, kilo, hector, deka, deci, centi, milli, micro, nano, pico, femto, atto, zepto, yocto amount of substance: number of some specified elementary entity: mole (quantity: amount) unit: mole One serving of milk contains 195 mg PHOSPHORUS (matrix ? value ? unit ? specie/analyte) Matrix: where the specie is being determined Concentration: how much solute is contained in a given mass or volume Molarity: mol/L * Molality: mol/kg*weight percent: mass of substance per mass solution (g/g % or wt%) *volume percent: Vol % * mole fraction: amount of substance in the total amount of solution (unitless) Normality: number of equivalence per liter solution Parts per million (ppm) is expressed in units mg/kg or  µg/mL Parts per billion (ppb) is expressed in  µg/kg or ng/g. aqeous:  µg/L or ng/mL Volumtetric flask: used to prepare solutions of exact concentration (contains a specified volume) Chapter 2: Tools of the trade laboratory notebook (objectives: state what was done, observed, be easily understandable) analytical balance (principle of operation – sample on balance pushes pan down with a force (m x g), balance pan with equal and opposing mass(mechanical: standard mass, electronic: opposing electromagnetic force, tare – mass of empty vessel) double-pan balance: balance beam suspended on a sharp knife edge, standard weights are added, weight of sample is equal to total weight of standards electronic balance: uses electromagnetic force to return the pan to original position (electric current required to generate force is proportional to sample mass) 2. Methods of weighting: basic operational rules: don’t place chemicals directly on weighing pan, balance in an arrested position (decrease sensitivity if not followed), weight by difference (useful when hygroscopic: readily absorb water from air), taring 3. Errors in weighing: sources (any factor that could affect mass – dirty or moist sample container, not at room temp, adsorption of water, vibration of wind currents, non-level balance) buoyance errors: failure to correct for weight difference due to displacement of air by sample correction: m = (m’(1-(da/dw))/(1-(da/d) m- true mass, m’ – mass read from balance, d – density of sample, da – density of air (0. 0012 g/ml at 1 atm at 25 C), dw – density of calibration weights (8 g/ml) density of air changes with temp and pressure (da under non standard conditions: =0. 46468(B-0. 3783 V/T) B= barometer pressure (torr), V= vapour pressure of water in the air (torr), T= temperature (K) Volume measurements: 1. Burets (used to deliver multiple aliquots of a liquid in known vols – tolerance: ? the smallest graduation) Correct use of buret: read buret at bottom of concave meniscus, read at eye level (avoids parallax errors, from above: smaller), estimate buret reading nearest 0. 1 division, expel all air bubbles, rinse buret 2-3x with solution, near end of titration, volume of 1 drop or less 2. Volumetric flask:correct use: add reagent of solution to flask and dissolve in volume of solvent less than total capacity of flask, slowly add more solvent until mark, mix solution by inversion (40 or more times), glass adsorbs trace amount of chemicals ? clean using acid wash (adhere to surface) 3. Pipets and Syringes (deliver a given volume of liquid) Types of pipets: transfer pipet (transfers a single volume, fill to calibration mark, last drop does not drain out of pipet (do not blow out), more accurate than measuring pipet(similar to vol flask) measuring pipet: calibrated similar to buret, use to deliver a variable volume micropipette: deliver volumes of 1 to 1000  µL(fixed and variable), uses disposable polypropylene tip, stable in most aqueous and organic solvents (not chloroform), need periodic calibration syringes: deliver volumes of 1 to 500  µL (accuraprec: 0. 5-1%, steel needle permits piercing stopper to transfer liquid under controlled atmosphere (attacked by strong acid and contaminate solution with iron) correct use: use a bulb for drawing solutions, rinse pipets and syringes before using, remove bubbles Filtration: mechanical separation of a liquid from the undissolved particles floating in it Purpose: used in gravimetric analysis for analysis of a substance by mass of a precipitate it produced (solid collected in paper or fritted-glass filters) Drying: remove moisture from reagents, convert sample to more readily analysable form Oven drying: common for sample prep, 110 C for water removal, use loose covers to prevent contamination from dust Dessicator: cool and store reagent or sample over long periods of time (contains drying agent to absorb water from atmosphere, airtight seal) Primary standard: may be used to prepare standard solution used as reference for knowing amount of subtstance or calibrate an analytical measurement (KHP f or determining NaOH) 99. 9% pure or better, not decompose under ordinary storage, stable when dried by heat or vacuum (should not be a hydrate), of high molecular weight Chapter 3: Propagation of Error significant figures: minimum number of digits needed to write a given value (in sci not) without loss of accuracy zeros are simple place holders and are counted significant only if, in between, to the right of the decimal point the last significant figure in any number is the first digit with any uncertainty (minimum uncertainty is +/- 1 unit in the last significant figure) addition/subtraction (least amount of decimal points), multiplication/division: least sig figs logs and antilogs ? a = 10^b or log(a)=b ? log(339)=2. 530 (2, character) and (. 530, mantissa) log – resulting mantissa should be same as total number of sig figs in original number (a) antilog: number of sig figs in the result should be same as total number of sig figs in the mantissa of original logarithm â€Å"b† graph: spread coordinates over as much of the graph as possible systematic or determinate error: error caused consistently in all results due to inappropriate methods or experimental techniques, results in a definite difference from true value, can be discovered/corrected random or indeterminate error: caused by random variations, results in scatter of results centered on true value(error type A), stdev accuracy: close to true value(systematic error), precision: close to each other(precision)(error type B, bias) absolute and relative uncertainty: both measures of the precision associated with a given measurement absolute uncertainty: margin of uncertainty associated with a measurement (like from the device) relative uncertainty: compare s size of the absolute uncertainty with the size of its associated measurement (absolute uncertainty/measured value) if percentage: multiply by 100 measurement of uncertainty: parameter that characterizes the dispersion of the quantity values that are being attributed to a measurand based on the information used we need it: demonstrates metrological quality, documents in transparent way the measurement procedure, gives confidence to the results and allows comparison, demonstrates compliance with limits and establishment of acceptance criteria estimation: specify the measurand (equation, scope of measurement and bias), identify the uncertainty sources (create cause and effect diagram), quantify the uncertainty components, convert the standard uncertainties, calculate the combined standard uncertainty, multiply obtained standard uncertainty by a coverage factor 2(95% confidence level) statistical distributions: 1) normal distribution: use to estimate uncertainty due to random errors ( repeatability precision) u(x)=s 2) triangular: estimate uncertainty when maximum range (+/- a) is given u(x)=a/v6 Rectangular distribution: estimate uncertainty when specification gives limit (+/-a) without specifying the level of confidence (e. g. limits in the specifications of concentration of standards, instrument error) u(x)=a/v3 Selectivity (specificity) – being able to distinguish your analyte from other species in the matrix Sensitivyt – being able to respond reliably and measurably to changes in analyte concentration (slope of calibration curve) Standardization of NaOH solution (C of NaOH = MKHP*P KHP *1000/(M KHP * V NaOh)) propagation of uncertainty: absolute or relative uncertainty of a calculated result can be estimated usig the absolute or relative uncertainties of the values Addition or subtraction: absolute uncertainty obtained using absolute uncertainties used in the calculations (v(abs uncertainty )^2+(abs uncertainty 2)^2†¦ check formula 2. 1 relative uncertainty: still divide the absolute uncertainty by the measurement Chapter 4: Statistics all measurements contain random error (always have uncertainty), uncertainty are used to determine if two or more experimental results are equivalent or different (statistics is used to accomplish this task) Gaussian Curve – distribution of results of large number of experiments done under identical conditions (for a series of experimental results with only random error) Plotted number of occurences (y) vs value (x) and then high population about correct value at peak goes from  µ to 1sigma sa right and -1sigma sa left 2. Any set of data (and corresponding Gaussian curve) can be characterized by two parameters: mean or average value (sum of all values/total number of values taken) standard deviation (take the square root of the sum of the (value taken – mean)/(number of values taken – 1)(better when smaller) variance: related to standard deviation (how wide or precise a distribution of results is) = s^2 (s= stdev) Range: difference in highest and lowest values in a set of data (H-L) Median: value in a set of data which has an equal number of data values above and below it (get the middle, if odd siya, get the two sa middle then divide by 2) Formula for a gaussian curve: check image ( µ= mean, sigma = stdev, e =e) 1. 1 By knowing stdev and mean of a set, the probability of the next result falling in any given range can be calculated by: z = (x-mean)/s (probability of a result falling in the portion in GC is equa to the normalized area of the curve in that portion (+/1s = 86. 3%, 2 95. 5 %, 3-99. 7%, 4-99. 9%) Check formula sheet 1. 2 Get the z, check the area of it, total ? area is 0. 5, remaining area is 0. 5-area Knowing the stdev of a data set indicates the precision of a measurement, precision of many analytical measurements is expressed as: mean+/- 2s (there is only 5% chance that any given measurement on the sample will be outside this range) The precision of a mean result is expressed using a confidence interval (relationship between the true mean value ( µ) and the measured mean is ( µ=mean +/- ((ts/vn) ? confidence interval) s=stdev, n= num of measurements, t= student’s t value degrees of freedom = (n-1) (as n increases, confidence interval becomes smaller and  µ becomes more precisely known) Student’s t: statistical tool frequently used to express confidence intervals (a probability distribution that addresses the problem of estimating a mean of normally distributed population when the sample size is small) check 1. 3 – table Confidence interval: the probability that the range of numbers contains the â€Å"true† mean (50% confidence – range of numbers contains true mean 50% of the time, 90% 90% of time – mas malaki range of values ng 90%) Comparison of data against a set of values get tcalculated – (x-mean/s)(vn)* get tcritical using table (DOFreedom: n-1)95% CL If tcalculated tcritical – data is same as the set of data being compared; if not then different Comparison of Two Data Sets: determine if two results obtained by the same method are statistically the same Tcalculated: (mean result of sample 1 – mean of sample two/stdevn pooled)(v(number of measurements of 1*num of measurements of 2)/(num of measurements of 1 + num of measurements of 2)) CHECK 1. 4 FORMULA SHEET Compare calculated to to value on student’s t probability table (DOF: (n1 + n2 – 2) If calculated t is greater than, then the two are different (easier to achieve for lower % confidence level) Comparison of two methods: check 1. 5 formula sheet Bad data: Q test: used to decide whether or not to reject a â€Å"bad† data point (arrange data increasing order, get range) Q = gap/range (gap = the value minus the value nearest it) Grubbs test: accept or not an outlier = Gcalculated= lOutlier-meanl/s (less than or equal to, retain) 1. 6 Chapter 5: Chemical Bonding and Interactions It’s all about stability: noble gases are intert, it comes from their electronic structure Isolectronic: same electron configuration Ionic bonding: due to electrostatic attraction arising from an exchange of electrons Covalent bonding: chemical bond in which two or more electrons are shared by two atoms Polar covalent or polar bond: covalent bond with greater electron density around one of two atoms (electronnegativy) VSEPR: linear, bent, trigonal planar (bent if AX2E), tetrahedral(trigonal pyramidal, 1 lone; bent 2 lone), (seesaw, t-shaped, linear), octahedral (square pyramidal, square planar) Chapter 6: Intermolecular forces of attraction intermolecular forces: attractive forces between molecules; intramolecular forces: hold atoms together in a molecule (stronger) â€Å"measure of intermolecular force: boiling, melting, heat of vaporization, fusion, sublimation intra: ionic, covalent, metallic inter: ion-dipole (ion charge – dipole charge, ion-polar) ? H bonding (F,O,N-H) ? dipole-dipole (dipole charges or two polar) ? Ion-induced dipole (ion and nonpolar, ion charge-polarizable e- cloud) ? Diple-induced dipole (polar and non polar) ? Dispersion (london)(polarizable e- clouds the more polar, the stronger the interaction, higher dipole moment, higher boiling point hydrogen bonds are responsible for: ice floating, ice is ordere with an open structure to optimize H-bonding, therefore ice is less dense than water thus creates insulating layer on water hydrogen bonding responsible for protein structure: protein folding and DNA transport Polarizability: ease with which the electron distribution in the atom or molecule can be distorted (increases with greater number of electrons and more diffuse electron cloud) Instantaneous dipole: in that instant a dipole is formed, increase with molar mass, increase with length of molecule (not compact) Surface tension: amount of energy required to stretch or increase the surface of a liquid by a unit area Strong intermolecular forces = high surface tension Cohesion: intermolecular attraction between like molecules (pataas meniscus); adhesion – attraction between unlike molecul es (concave meniscus) Viscosity: measure of a fluid’s resistance to flow (strong intermolecular forces = high viscosity) Ultrahydrophobic surfaces Chapter 7: Kinetics reaction rate: changes in the concentrations of reactants or products per unit of time collision theory: atoms, ions, and molecules react to form products when they collide with one another, provided that the colliding particles have enough kinetic energy activation energy minimum energy that colliding particles must have in order to react requirements: must have proper orientation; must have enough kinetic energy to reach activation energy factors that influence reaction rate: concentration (molecules must collide), physical state (must mix), temperature (must collide with enough energy), catalyst reactant concentrations decrease while product concentrations increase (A ? B) rate of reaction= -(change in concentration of A/change in time)= -(conc A2-conA1)/t2-t1 aA + bB ? cC + dD Rate = -(1/a)(? [A]/? t)= -1/b([B]/? t numerical value of the rate depends upon the substance that serves as the reference. The changes in concentration of other reaction components are relative to their co efficients in the balanced chemical equation reaction orders: see formula sheet Integrated Rate Laws: rate = -? [A]/? t = k[A] First order rate equation see formula sheet K[A]^2 second-order rate equation ? [A]/? t = k[A]^0 zero order rate equation = -kt Units of the rate constant k for several reaction orders see formula sheet Arrhenius equation: effect of temperature on reaction rate see formula sheet Frequency factor: importance of molecular orientation to an effective collision Reaction mechanisms: see formula sheet table (example: elementary step A? product, molecularity: unimolecular: rate law: k[A] Rate-determining step: overall rate of a reaction is the slowest step Correlating the mechanism with the Rate law: Elementary steps must add up to the overall balanced equation Elementary steps must be physically reasonable Mechanism must correlate with the rate law Chapter 8: Acid-base titrations Bronsted-Lowry definition of Acids and bases (acids-proton donors; bases-proton acceptors) Acid-base neutralization reaction results into the formation of the conjugate acid and base of the reaction base and acid respectively (stronger acid, weaker the conjugate base) Water undergoes autoprotolysis. This is the disassociation of water into H3O+ and OH- Kw=[H3O+][OH-]ph = -log[H+] pOH = -log[OH-] ph+ pOH =14 pH: measure of the degree of acidity of solutions. The lower the pH, the more acidic the solution battery acid (0), lemon juice(2. 2), vinegar (2. 7), apples (3), tomato juice (4. 3), rain (5. 6), milk (6. 8), human urine and blood (7. 5), seawater (8. 1), milk of magnesia (10. 5), ammonia (12), lye (13) alkaline strengths of acids and bases depend on the extent of reaction/dissociation to produce H+ and OH- respectively strong: complete dissociation, forward reaction *weak: incomplete, equilibrium strong acids: HCl, HBr, HI, H2SO4, HNO3, HClO4 bases: Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, R4 + OH weak acid and bases do not completely dissociate in water. The degree of dissociation is described by the acid or base dissociation constants Acid dissociation constant (Ka) ? HA + H2O H3O+ + A-Ka = [H3O+][A-]/[HA] Base dissociation constant (Kb) A- + H2OOH- + HAKb = [OH]][HA]/[A-] Conjugate pairs Kw = KaKb A buffer is a solution that can resist the change in pH when small amounts of acids and bases are added when diluted (a lot of reactions are dependent on pH, buffers are important in the control of ph) Henderson-Hasselbalch equation: pH = pKa + log ([A-]/[HA] Stong base vs strong acid ? equivalence point: steepest point Acid-base indicator changes color as it is protonated or deprotonated, different indicators change color at different pH because they have different dissociation constants Weak acid Vs Strong base: graph has two pa-curve, one for when pH = pKa then one for equivalence Kjeldahl titration: total nitrogen and total protein Microtitration Chapter 9: Gravimetric and Combustion Analysis in gravimetric analysis, the mass of the product is used to estimate the amount of the original analyte, one of the earlierst analytical chemistry techniques analytical balance and desiccator are two most important equipment in gravimetry constant weighing: series of drying, cooling, and weighing until constant weight is reached commonly used desiccants in order of decreasing efficiency: magnesium perchlorate, barium oxide, alumina, phosphorus pentoxide, calcium chloride, drierite (calcium sulfate), silica gel indicator: copper sulfate (blue ? pink) Representative gravimetric techniques: % Moisture, Total Fat, Homogenous precipitation, Ignition, Combustion analysis see formula sheet Precipitation gravimetry: properties of precipitates: Readily filtered and washed free of contamints, sufficiently low solubility so that no significant loss of the analyte occurs during filtration and washing, unreactive with constituents of the atmosphere, not hygroscopic, of known composition after drying or ignition Techniques that promote particle growth: raising temperature to increase solubility and decrease supersaturation, adding precipitant slowly with vigorous mixing to avoid local supersaturation, keep volume of solution large and concentrations of analyte low Formation of crystals occur in two phases: nucleation, particle growth (bigger crystals: particle growth) Types of precipitates: colloidal (NiS), curdy (AgCl), fine crystalline (BaSO4), coarse crystalline (PbCl2), gelatinous (Fe(OH)3). Coprecipitations and other challenges of gravimetry Adsorption vs absorption and inclusion (ordered inside molecule) vs occlusion (kalat sa molecule, possibly containing solvent) Digestion, reprecipitation Aging (Ostwald ripening) and pe ptization Ignition and Thermogravimetric analysis Combustion and elemental analyses Chapter 9: Properties of Solutions â€Å"like dissolves like† two substances with similar intermolecular forces are likely to be soluble in each other ionic compounds are more soluble in polar solvents remember: physical state of solvent determines the physical state of the solution solubility increases as the shape/length of molecule increases Gas solutions: all gases are infinitely soluble in one another Gas-solid solutions: when gas dissolves in a solid, it occupies the spaces between closely packed particles Solid-solid solutions: example, brass Why substances dissolve? ? three types of interactions in the solution process: solvent-solvent interaction, solute-solute interaction, solvent-solute interaction (? Hsoln = ? Hsolvent + ? Hsolute + ? Hmix) Solution process: exothermic vs endothermic (exothermic, final amount of energy is less than initial) Heats of hydration: ? Hsoln = ? lattice + ? hydr (? hydr is the combination of enthalphy changes for separating solvent and mixing the solute) Change in entropy: solution usually has higher entropy than the pure solute and pure solvent Systems tend toward a state of lower enthalpy and higher entropy Solubility as an equilibrium proce ss A saturated solution contains the maximum amount of solute that will dissolve in a given solvent at a specific temperature An unsaturated solution contains less solute than the solvent has the capacity to dissolve at a specific temperature A supersaturated solution contains more solute than is present in a saturated solution at a specific temperature Effect of temperature on solubility: most solids are more soluble at higher temperatures; gas solubility in water decreases with rising temperature Effect of pressure on solubility: Sgas = Kh x Pgas (Kh is Henry’s law constant; specific for given gas-solvent at a given temperature) ? inversely proportional formula sheet Colligative properties – properties that depend only on the number of solute particles and not on the nature of the solute particles Electrolyte: dissociates into ions in aqeous solutions and nonelectrolyte: does not Vapour-pressure lowering – vapor pressure of the solution is lower than the vapor pre ssure of the pure solvent see formula sheet (called Raoult’s law) Boiling-Point elevation: solution boils at higher temperature than the pure solvent (formula) Freezing-point depression: solutions freeze at lower temperature than pure solvent? Osmotic Pressure (? ) – pressure required to stop osmosis Osmosis – selective passage of solvent molecules through a porous membrane from a dilute solution to a more concentrated one Semipermeable membrane allows the passage of solvent molecules but blocks the passage of solute molecules Proportional to (n solute/Vsolution ) or to Molarity May be computed through ? = MRT (molarity)(gas constant)(temperature) Colligative properties of strong electrolyte solutiosn Van’t hoff factor, i, tells us what the effect number of ions are in the solution Measured value for electrolyte solution/(expected value for nonelectrolyte solution) Actual number of particles in solution after dissociation/(number of formula units initially dissolved in solution) Chapter 10: analytical Separations sample purity: many chemical analysis are not specific for a compound, often necessary to purify compound of interest techniques: extraction, distillation, precipitation, chromatography, centrifugation, filtration Extractions: transfer a compound from one chemical phase to another (two phases used can be liquid-liquid, liquid-solid, etc)Sphase ? k? Sphase 2 k= partition coefficient Extraction efficiency – fraction of moles of S remaining in phase 1 after one extraction can be determined if the value of k and the voumes of phases 1 and 2 are known When n approaches infinity, eventually the amount of S remaining in phase 1 becomes 0 (responsible for water memory, (homoepathic med water memory activity of drug even; detects antibody after 110^120 dilution, placebo effect) pH affects extractions ? for weaks acid and bases, protonated and non-protonated forms usually have different partition coefficients (k) charged form (A- or BH+) will not be extracted, neutral form (HA or B) will be extracted Partitioning is described in terms of the total amount of a substance Individual concentrations of both B and BH+ or HA and A- are more difficult to determine Partitioning is regardless of form in both phases (described by the distribution coefficient (D) Distribution of a weak base or weak acid is pH dependent Ability to change distribution ratio of weak acid/base useful in selecting conditions for extraction some but not all Use low ph to extract HA but not BH+ and high pH to extract B but not A- Extraction with a metal chelator Metal ions may be separated from one another by using various organic complexing agents (soluble in organic solvent) Common complexing agents: cupferron, 8-hyroxyquionaline, dithizone, crown ethers Many of the complexing agents bind to a varity of metals (diff erent strengths and equilibrium constants) A metal ion extraction may be mode selective for a particular metal by choosing a complexing agent at high affinity to the metal and by adjusting the pH of extraction Chromatography: separation technique based on the different rates of travel of solutes through a system composed of two phases Stationary phase: chemical phase which remains in the column (chromatographic system) and mobile phase: chemical phase which travels through column (eluent in ? column ? eluate out) Support: solid onto which the stationary phase is chemically attached or coated Chromatography detects compounds emerging in column by changes in absorbance, voltage, current, etc Solutes are separated in chromatography by the different interactions with the stationary phase and mobile phase (solutes that interact more with the stationary phase take longer to pass) Retention time: time it takes a compound to pass through a column Retention volume: volume of mobile phase needed to push a solute through the column Fundamental measures of solute retention: Adjusted retention time: (tr’) additional time required for a solute to travel through a vacuum beyond the time required for non-retained solute (tr’ = tr-tm) Relative retention: ratio of adjusted retention between two solutes (higher relative ret, higher separation, higher capacity factor) Capacity factor (k’): longer the component is retained by the column, greater this is (may be used to monitor performance of a column if you will use a standard)(directly proportional to partition coefficient, k) Efficiency of separation: the width of a solute peak is important in determining how well one solute is separated from another (one measure of this is the width of the peak at half-height (w1/2) The separation of two solutes in chromatography depends both on the width of the peaks and their degrees of retention Resolution, you want this /=1. 5 (tr2-tr1/((wb2+wb1)/2) Measure of column efficiency: number of theoretical plates (N), similar to number of extractions, as N increases, greater the separation between the two compounds Height equivalents of a theoretical plate (H or HETP): distance along the column that corresponds to â€Å"one† theoretical separation plate As H decreases, more steps per column are possible (results in narrower peaks and better separation between two neighboring solutes) H is affected by flow of rate of mobile phase, size of support (directly proportional), diffusion of solute (inversely prop), strength of retention Improve resolution by increasing column length Why bands spread? Efficiency is dependent on peak width through the column C (described as standard dev) Factors: sample injection, longitudal diffusion, finite equilibriation between phases, multiple flow paths Sample injection: sample is injected on the column with a finite width which contributes to the overall broadening (similar broadening may occur in detector) Longitudinal diffusion: bands slowly broaden as molecules difuse more from high contentration in band to regions of lower concentrations Finite equilibriation time between phases: finite time is required to equilibriate between stationary and mobile phase at each plate (same solute is stuck in stationary phase as remainder moves forward in mobile phase) Multiple flow paths – some arrive sooner than others because of different paths travelled and distances description of band spread: plate height is proportional to band width (smaller plate height, narrow the band) ? Von Deemter equation Types of Liquid Chromatography Adsorption chromatography: solutes are separated based on their abilities to adsorb the support’s surfaces (uses an underivatized solid support, stationary phase = solid support)(oldest) Partition chrom – solutes are separated based on their ability to partition between stationary and mobile phase (uses solid support coated or chemically derivatized w/a a polar or nonpolar layer)(most common)(good for organic compounds) reversed phase: stationary is nonpolar Ion-exchange chromatography: separate ions based on their abilities to interact with fixed exchange sites (uses solid support containing fixed charges (exchange sites) on surface (cation exchange: support neg groups; anion-exchange: supports positive groups) Size exclusion chrom: separates large and small solutes based on their different abilities to enter the pores (uses porous support that does not absorb solutes)(used to separate biological molecules/polymers which differ in size/MW) Affinity chromatography: base d on ability to bind to the affinity liquid (support that contains an immobilized biological molecule (affinity ligand)(purify bio molecules) and most selective) Packed and open-tubular columns (higher resolution, increased sensitivity but small capacity - no bond spreading from multiple paths; higher flow rates, longer columns – more theoretical plates and resolution) Chapter 11: Spectrophotometry colorimetry: analytical technique in which the concentration of an analyte is measured by its ability to produce or change the color of a solution changes the solution’s ability to absorb light; comes in two kinds: instrumental, non-instrumental spectrophotometry: any technique that uses light to measure chemical concentrations a colorimetric method where an instrument is used to determine the amount of an analyte in a sample by the sample’s ability or inability to absorb light at a certain wavelength example: measurement of ozone above south pole Properties of Light Particles

Local Museums and their Cultural Heritage

Introduction Museums have a great role in preserving the cultural heritage of various ethnicities. Although they have successfully gained this goal, the pressing issue has remained in its capacity of educating visitors about natural heritage, history and culture, or a chosen subject in context.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Local Museums and their Cultural Heritage specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Many archaeological historians have argued that Museums’ are the only organizations which have the competence of passing on cultural knowledge to the public. This is in fact true because they house several collections of materials and tools for achieving the objective. In present society, the museums complement educational shrewdness by revealing to the society their histories satisfactorily (Aguirre and Turner 2010). They do the task of granting a medium in which future generations can understand and recognize their cultural history and take delight in succeeding their past and present. In understanding how museums shape various societies across the world, this paper explores three museums dedicated to three communities. These communities are the Asian Pacific Americans, the Nordic and the African-Americans. The paper singles out museums in their respective domains and explores their contributions towards their cultural heritage. In exploring the communities at a deeper level, the writer utilizes the fieldwork and library research to understand the community’s culture through museum exhibitions. The writer explores how the museum has shaped and redesigned the tourism industry. They provide visitors with a new dimension in tourism where ethnography is much emphasized. Ethnography gives a visitor more flexibility by allowing him or her discover about his or her culture compared to other cultures. The Wing Luke Museum of the Asian Pacific American Experience The Wing Luke Museum is l ocated in Seattle. Its location is unique because of the closeness to the hotel where the many first immigrants from the Asian continent fixed their home, had a meal and found solace. It is a museum of its own kind devoted to the Asian Pacific ethnicities in the United States. The museums have a vast collection of Asian culture which helps to showcase their story of struggle, compassion, conflict, success and survival on their long journey to America.Advertising Looking for essay on cultural studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Honoring our journey (The Wing 2011) We cross the waters (The Wing 2011) The Wing Luke Museum of the Asian Pacific American Experience is the only museum in America devoted to the Asian Pacific American experience. The culture of Asian Pacific American is presented using various collections available in the museum. One area in which the museum represents this culture is through food. The museum de scribes or traces the history of Asian Pacific American contributions in the American food industry. Food was a critical constituent within the Asian family and community at large. The museums through its collection help to explain the connection of food to politics of Asians through issues such as sustainability, labor and nutrition and access. It also describes the heritage food recipe and process, adaptations and creativity, which has changed over the generations as a result of Asian immigration to America. The Asian Pacific American are also presented through dual nature. This is showcased in the display of modern jewelry and glass in the museum. The museum has a series of histories of jewelry or metal smiting and glass which over the ages have been part and parcel of Asian American identity in the Pacific Northwest.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Local Museums and their Cultural Heritage specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The jewelry and glass consist of complex metal work. The design was inspired by organic forms in resin and paper, botany, architectural class vessels, decorative micro-mosaic brooches, and an expression of identity and cultural roots. All these aspects were predominant in Asian society for ages. Jewelry and glass (The Wing 2011) Asian life in America (The Wing 2011) The epic tales were significant to Asian Pacific Americans too. The Wing Luke Museum represents this ethnicity through the well-known creatures and animals. The creatures and animals have for a long time characterized their history. Various animals such as the Chinese zodiac animals revitalize the history of Asian Pacific American. These animals connect the Pacific and Asia folktales. The animals are well-known for their playful nature. Other animals with significant importance in Asian Pacific American are Monkey King are associated with loyalty, Moon rabbit is linked to loyalty and the Pig Child which is assigned the character of fiery romance. All these animals sketches the Asian Pacific history, culture and geography.Advertising Looking for essay on cultural studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The museum also embraces technology in its heritage collection and presentation. The Museum has a library equipped with modern forms of technology equipments. They include computers, digital recorders, audiotapes and films. These tools play a role of recording and storage of information’s such as interviews and other oral collections. Visitors have a choice of listening to recorded interviews, cultural music and other information stored on these audio devices. The dark part of the Asian Pacific American experience has not been well represented. The tribulations they faced such as slavery and the agony of sailing across the Atlantic Ocean is scanty (Aguirre and Turner 2010). Historians believe most of them died, suffered and were affected with various tropical diseases. Perhaps, lack of this information is to hide the miseries of the past and assist the Asian-Americans to concentrate in the positive part of history. Maps of Old Japanese Districts (The Wing, 2011) Northwest Af rican-American Museum The Northwest African-American Museum is found in Seattle, like the others mentioned earlier. The museum became operating as a nonprofit private organization in 2008. The birth of the museum was initiated by the Urban League of Metropolitan Seattle. The museum has documented, and displays unique cultural and historical collections of African-Americans in the Pacific Northwest and in the area around Seattle. The museum links Seattle to the rest of the world. This is accomplished by honoring, celebrating and discovering the African-American community heritage, education, history and culture (Northwest African American Museum 2011). The museum presents the community by using artifacts, sculptures, folklores, stories among other types of forms. The museum has a measurement of about 19,000 square feet floor and it encompasses various galleries. The first gallery is known as the journey, multipurpose and northwest gallery. The displays in the gallery describe the wid er challenges the African-Americans faced while arriving in Northwest to model their lives. The gallery, through various colors helps to underscore the diversity of experiences and draws various countries of origin of African-American, religion, families and friends during the early periods of their migrations. The historical pictures in the museum illustrate the changing society that continues to form and redesign the human experience. This gallery has many, artifacts, photos with intriguing histories that represent the ethnicities of the African-American heritage. There is also a Northwest gallery. The gallery houses great history of African-American experiences in the Northwest. It explores the community leaders, cultural icons, early pioneers and unsung heroes. They are illustrated with portraits, sculptures and clay works (Northwest African American Museum 2011). The museum traces the immigrants from various parts of Africa. African countries such as Kenya, Sudan, Eritrea and E thiopia besides, other communities beyond the mentioned countries are also shown. The museum singles out the Ethiopians immigrants in Seattle and explores their contribution to United States growth through fields such as medicine, corporate executives, entrepreneurship and education. They are also credited for contributing their talents and experiences to countless social organizations, political parties and community groups. As one of the curators narrates, the African American community in Seattle has defined its cultural landscape and provided the needed appreciation of cuisine, historic infusion of language, sports, dress and music. What I discovered about the Museum is the dark side of African-American is not extensively presented. Issues linked to African-American curses, witchcraft and others, which from the dark side of African American history, have not been explored. Perhaps, this has been done to avoid memories associated with such practices and to portray African-America n as a culture not associated with unique practices. The Nordic Heritage Museum The Nordic is an international museum situated in Seattle. The museum shares the Nordic culture with the wider people of all ages and background. Its uniqueness has been attributed for its role in the preservation of arts, values, traditions and the heritage of Nordic people. The museum serves as a center for collection of various objects of arts, culture and acts as a center for educational and cultural experience. The story of Nordic people is represented in the museum through lifelike dioramas. The diorama traces the Nordic and Scandinavian migration from the nineteenth century across the oceans to America. The diorama draws the story of the Nordic beginning of the voyage from the sea to crossing the Atlantic Ocean and Ellis Island. The exploration advances to experiences in New York and further expansion to the Pacific Northwest, Midwest and the Great Plains culminating at Ballard. It is at Ballard t he Nordic forms a Northwest community; with a drug store, blacksmith shop, post office and a family home. The history of the Nordic is also represented on the second floor of the museum. It has two dedicated the galleries which focus on fishing and logging industries. These two industries were the major employers of Nordic immigrants who had ready skills from their native lands. Besides, the galleries explore notable Nordic pioneers who contributed tremendously to the settlement in the Pacific Northwest. What is intriguing is the treasured and vital items that immigrants carried alongside. These items which included, tools, furniture’s, textiles and folk costumes are found at the Fork Art Gallery. The Fishes and Dishes (Heritage Nordic Museum 2011) Despite of Nordic communities having some differences, the gallery on the third floor illustrates the bonds that Scandinavian people had for each other. The floor has a designation of five major Scandinavian countries i.e. The Ice land, Norway, Sweden, Finland and Denmark. Each gallery draws the uniqueness of each country and the success and accomplishments in the Pacific Northwest. Also present in the museum is the Tracie Music Library. The library has extensive collections of Nordic music and dances. Of importance is the work of Gordon Ekval. Gordon was a famous person who emphasized Nordic music and dance. His music was focused on Nordic tradition and culture. The library has embraced technology. It has hundreds of video and audio recordings with great documentation of Nordic traditional and folk music, folklore, music, costumes, dance and fork art. These materials were collected by Tracie from the 19 -80’s. Besides the commercial documentations, the library has more than five hundred reel-to reel original field recordings credited to Tracie. They have been documented in the form of radio programs, conversations, presentation and dance programs. Most of the reel recordings have been transformed to d igital recordings, audio cassettes and some to Compact discs. Hence, they are readily available for listening. The technology has also been applied in preserving the Nordic history, photos, posters, music, display boards and dance records. These materials are displayed in the museum. Another intriguing phenomenon in the Nordic museum is the â€Å"looking back and finding our future†. This section embraces collections of jewelry and fashions from different countries such as Norway, Island, Faroe Islands, Greenland and Denmark. The museums have meticulously designed and installed these collections which haze the past and the present Nordic traditions. This is in innovation and craft of Nordic designs. The museum pictures the significant nature and heritage of Nordic designs and how it influences the Nordic designers. Nordic like any other society has its dark side. The subject of Nazi sympathizers and the vast wealth it gained during the Second World War has been hidden from th e wider society. Nordic countries for example, Sweden acted as transfer camps for raid of Norway. Perhaps, this is to avoid the atrocities and other human suffering that characterized the Nazism. The Nordic communities also posses chauvinism, most foreigners view chauvinism as a joke especially if they have lived in Nordic countries. Hence chauvinism has revealed itself in racism (Aguirre and Turner 2010). Nordic designs (Heritage Nordic Museum 2011) Literature Review and Analysis A museum plays a significant role that succeeds various elements in the present society. While they are recognized as centers of community, cultural preservation and education, they are invoked in new styles that are beyond their conventional preserves. Their role has attracted a new phenomenon known as † cultural tourism†. They have become centers for many cultural and tourism plans explored to stimulate economic and development in places they exist (Kotler 2001). According to Leslie and Ran tisi (2006) tourism has positively influenced museums. This is because it communicates the local culture to the â€Å"outside visitors†. Hence the communications give rise to an impetus for proper financial and conservation and support for other museums functions or activities. However, Timothy and Stephen (2006) argue that some people view tourism differently. They opine that mass cultural tourism creates degradation, cultural commoditization and site congestion. Museums and Tourism Cultural and heritage tourism is an important aspect of the American tourism sector. According to Timothy Boyd (2006: 1) cultural tourism is among the oldest form of travel. It has over the ages become a kind of a group tourism in which visitors seek to familiarize with educational and nostalgic insight. Heritage tourism is regarded as a form where participants may witness and learn about the cultural experience of cultural heritage of the â€Å"destination†. In his words, Li (2003: 248) asserts that â€Å"heritage tourism provides a concrete enthusiasm for conservation†. However, Yuen (2006) observes that for heritage tourism to flourish, history and heritage go beyond the borders of preservation. Therefore, its importance should be suggested to the visitor. This will contribute to a more enriched environment in the structure of understanding the present (Nuryanti 1996). People have become more interested in cultural experiences this trend has surged the interest of tourists in exploring alternatives in understanding the culture of different communities. Museums therefore have increasingly become an important center supporting tourism through entertaining and educating visitors. Many researchers such as Timothy Boyd (2006) links this process as part of interconnected, devising cultural life that supports the discovery of culture as a fabric. He further asserts that museums have stood as a popular choice for most people in learning their destination. This is because they are actively involved in displaying and interpreting the local culture for the visitors. Nuryanti (2006) seems to agree with Timothy and Boyd; he explains that a museum provides a guide for a destination heritage by providing the vital information in context. Thus, they have become a â€Å"must-see† for tourist embracing cultural tourism as part of their cultural itinerary. A Social Approach Environmental themes and social history have formed part of the materials displayed in museums. Museums have depicted a different trend of presenting artifacts and in contextualization of exhibitions. This has demanded new approaches and methods to be embraced by museums. In most cases, the museum’s collections have taken a different perspective of diachronic or synchronic approach. However, as Li (2003) notes most significant changes have happened of late, and a social approach has been a common phenomenon by majority of museums. Nuryanti (2006) assigns these new app roaches of museums because of social, economic and technological changes. Technology and globalization for instance, has altered the expectations of people in all spheres of life thus, culture has not been spared either. With technology infiltrating in the society, tourism has remained essential, so do culture and its utilization. Cultural heritage and museum sites make up a significant part in cultural and tourism programs. A New Look at Visitors Museums have adopted a new approach of ethnography. Ethnography allows a visitor to the museum to put himself or herself in a position of learning or asking about his or her culture in comparison to others. Perhaps, it is fascinating to note how the perception of the visitor has changed since ethnography began to alter the uni-linear cultural evolution embraced by the 19th century museums (Li 2003). This infers that it is the culture of the visitor that need to be examined, judged, evaluated and tested rather than is exhibited. Hence, eval uations or the judgment of a visitor makes him or her to view museums in different perspective. One of the approaches is communicating and interpreting cultures of other communities to the advantage of the local community. The visitor learns or observes this during exhibitions. Also, the visitor learns the importance of museums by assessing how they relieve the local communities and makes them recognize and understand other cultures in a health and social manner. Tuft and Milne (1999) contend that communicating and interpreting the local culture of the past and the present for the advantage of the visitor/tourist is essential. This is because it backs in spreading the culture of a given community in context. Museum and Culture Formation The Museum contributes greatly in cultural formation. It is an organization that has directed and influenced the growth of local and national culture. Tufts and Milne (1999: 614) Argues the museum acts as centers where the society and its members can â€Å"embraces the past and develop wisdom of their enriching identity†. They are the main point in the society, a point of physical convergence where reflection, convergent thinking, knowledge and pleasure is condensed. The importance of the museums lies within their ability of collecting objects and putting them to some significant use and in context (Kotler 2001). Therefore this ability of museums has influenced the importance of museums in cultural development and its role in the community and the society in general. Traditionally, museums were relied on preserving heritage; however, the public over time have become more and more reliant on external depiction of truth. Hence, museums have become indispensable in finding the truths about the people past and predicaments. Leslie and Rantisi (2006) also note the exhibitions widely carried out by museums are designed to provide visitors with insight into American culture with a purpose of influencing the visitor’s beh avior. Through exhibitions such as natural history, zoos and aquarium among others have created an awareness and knowledge and granted support towards caring and conservation of fauna and flora. Conclusion Museums are embraced for succeeding various roles in the society. These roles have contributed significantly in shaping people’s understanding of the past, present and future. Despite of being centers of education and conservation, new dimensions such as cultural tourism has of late been a trend of most museums across the world. Cultural tourism has economically contributed to the growth of local and national through cultural activities of countries where museums are located. Also, tourism has shaped the social and environmental perspectives of the society because of the materials collected. Hence they have inclined towards either synchronic or diachronic methods in their exhibitions. Reference List Aguirre, Adalberto and Turner Jonathan H. 2010. American Ethnicity: The Dyn amics and Consequences of Discrimination. New York: McGraw-Hill Companies. Heritage Nordic Museum. 2011. â€Å"What’s Happening at the Museum.† Retrieved from https://nordicmuseum.org/ Kotler, Neil. 2001. â€Å"New Ways of Experiencing Culture: the Role of Museums and Marketing Implications.† Museum Management and Curatorship 19 (4): 417-425. Doi: 10.1080/09647770100801904 Leslie, Deborah and Rantisi Norma. 2006. â€Å"Governing the Design Economy in Montreal, Canada.† Urban Affairs Review 41 (3): 309-337. Doi: 10.1177/1078087405281107 Li, Yiping. 2003. â€Å"Heritage Tourism: The contradictions between conservation and change.† Tourism and Hospitality Research, 4 (3): 247- 261. doi: 1467-3584 Northwest African American Museum. (2011). What is Happening at NAAM. Retrieved from https://www.naamnw.org/ Nuryanti, Wiendu. 1996. â€Å"Heritage and Postmodern Tourism.† Annals of Tourism Research 23 (2): 249-260. Doi: 0160-7383 (95)00062-3 The Wing . 2011. Wing Luke Museum of the Asian Pacific American Experience. Web. Timothy, Dallen J. and Boyd, Stephen W. 2006. â€Å"Heritage Tourism in the 21st Century: Valued Traditions and New Perspectives.† Journal of Heritage Tourism 1 (1): 1- 16. Doi: 1743-873X/06/01 001-16 Tufts, Steven and Milne, Simon. 1999. â€Å"Museums: A Supply Side Perspective.† Annals of Tourism Research 26 (3): 613-631. Doi: S0160-7383 (99)00024-9 Yuen, Belinda. 2006. â€Å"Reclaiming Cultural Heritage in Singapore.† Urban Affairs Review 41 (6): 830-854. Doi: 10.1177/1078087406289187 This essay on Local Museums and their Cultural Heritage was written and submitted by user Keenan Pace to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.