What Is a Refugee and Why Are There so Many

Although refugees have been a constant and accepted part of human migration for centuries, the development of the nation-state and fixed borders in the 19th century caused countries to shun refugees and turn them into international pariahs. In the past, groups of people facing religious or racial persecution would often move to a more tolerant region. Today, political persecution is a major cause of out-migration of refugees, and the international goal is to repatriate refugees as soon as conditions in their home country become stable. According to the United Nations, a refugee is a person who flees their home country due to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group, or political opinion. Refugee Population There are an estimated 11-12 million refugees in the world today. This is a dramatic increase since the mid-1970s when there were less than 3 million refugees worldwide. However, it is a decrease since 1992, when the refugee population was nearly 18 million high due to the Balkan conflicts. The end of the Cold War and the end of regimes that kept social order led to the dissolution of countries and changes in politics, which subsequently led to unbridled persecution and a huge increase in the number of refugees. Refugee Destinations When a person or family decides to leave their home country and seek asylum elsewhere, they generally travel to the closest safe area possible. Thus, while the worlds largest source countries for refugees include Afghanistan, Iraq, and Sierra Leone, some of the countries hosting the most refugees include countries like Pakistan, Syria, Jordan, Iran, and Guinea. Approximately 70% of the world refugee population is in Africa and the Middle East. In 1994, Rwandan refugees flooded into Burundi, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Tanzania to escape the genocide and terror in their country. In 1979, when the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan, Afghanis fled to Iran and Pakistan. Today, refugees from Iraq migrate to Syria or Jordan. Internally Displaced Persons In addition to refugees, theres a category of displaced people known as internally displaced persons who are not officially refugees because they have not left their own country but are refugee-like inasmuch as they have been displaced by persecution or armed conflict within their own country. The leading countries of internally displaced persons include Sudan, Angola, Myanmar, Turkey, and Iraq. Refugee organizations estimate that there are between 12-24 million IDPs worldwide. Some consider the hundreds of thousands of evacuees from Hurricane Katrina in 2005 as internally displaced persons. History of Major Refugee Movements Major geopolitical transitions have caused some of the largest refugee migrations in the twentieth century. The Russian Revolution of 1917 caused approximately 1.5 million Russians who opposed communism to flee. One million Armenians fled Turkey between 1915-1923 to escape persecution and genocide. Following the establishment of the Peoples Republic of China in 1949, two million Chinese fled to Taiwan and Hong Kong. The worlds largest population transfer in history occurred in 1947 when 18 million Hindus from Pakistan and Muslims from India were moved between newly the created countries of Pakistan and India. Approximately 3.7 million East Germans fled to West Germany between 1945 and 1961, when the Berlin Wall was constructed. When refugees flee from a less developed country to a developed country, the refugees can legally remain in the developed country until the situation in their home country has become stable and no longer threatening. However, refugees who have migrated to a developed country often prefer to remain in the developed country since their economic situation is often much better. Unfortunately, these refugees often have to remain illegally in the host country or return to their home country. The United Nations and Refugees In 1951, the United Nations Conference of Plenipotentiaries on the Status of Refugees and Stateless Persons was held in Geneva. This conference led to the treaty called the Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees of 28 July 1951. The international treaty establishes the definition of a refugee and their rights. A key element of the legal status of refugees is the principle of non-refoulement -- a prohibition of the forcible return of people to a country where they have reason to fear prosecution. This protects refugees from being deported to a dangerous home country. The United Nations High Commissioner on Refugees (UNHCR) is the United Nations agency established to monitor the world refugee situation. The refugee problem is a serious one; there are so many people around the world who need so much help and there are just not enough resources to help them all. The UNHCR tries to encourage host governments to provide assistance, but most of the host countries are struggling themselves. The refugee problem is one in which developed countries ought to take a greater part to reduce human suffering worldwide.

Dynamic Figures in Church History I Essay - 1653 Words

Dynamic Figures in Church History II January 30, 2007 Part I I. Up to Now The ecclesia reformanda translated means the church always in need of reformation. With time, many ideologies and practices strayed from the original purpose of the Church. Over the years, people tend to forget the fundamental principles. People put their own ideas into the ideals that may be very different from the original intent. Changes are justified due to cultural changes. Human weaknesses also lend to the changes. Sometimes, abuse and the thirst for power lead to these differences. What is the original purpose of the Church? How do we get back there? Traveling the m’s, we have an overview of the Church, both good and bad. If the message of Jesus†¦show more content†¦St. Francis of Assisi and his followers, Franciscans, took to the streets, begging for food and stripped themselves of all earthly items. III The Middle Ages The Middle Ages spanned three hundred years, from 000 CE to 1300 CE. This was a time when nationalism was on the rise, cities grew, and trades and crafts developed. People began to identify themselves as Christian, Germanic, Frankish, etc. With this rise of nationalism, kings’ powers were stronger. There were changes with the Catholic Church as well. The Church had much influence in the politics, especially in Germany. Formal training for priests and celibacy became fundamental parts of the priesthood. Elaborate cathedrals were being built in the growing cities with university schools developing for the wealthy. Not all things were positive in the Middle Ages. There was a division between the East and the West in the Catholic Church due to different philosophies. The Greek Orthodox followed Greek thinking and the Roman Catholic Church followed Latin/Roman ideas. Eventually, they formally split and excommunicated each other and their followers. The C rusades started with â€Å"good intentions†, to return the Holy Land to the Catholics from the Muslims. This, of course, was a disaster. In Spain, heresy was rooted out by witch hunts and burnings during the Inquisition. This was a shameful episode in the Church’s history. As stated in our class, â€Å"In the nameShow MoreRelatedGeometry And Art Of Stained Glass1079 Words   |  5 Pages Paige Marquardt Mrs. Overmann UI 100-08 H December 2, 2014 Geometry and Art of Stained Glass From a church to a person’s home, there is stained glass all around us. Most people take a look at stained glass and just admire the beauty, but not the work that goes into it. The intense planning and preparations in deciding what to make and how to put it all together. Not until recently, there has been no real equation for stained glass, but that has changed. 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Symptoms And Treatment Of Dementia - 869 Words

Task 3 This report talks about Maggie, A 62 year old lady who recently loss her husband and since then she been suffering from early dementia, which makes her leave her home in the night as she is confused between day and night and also forgetful. Maggie is extremely active and her family are concerned of this change of behaviour and they worried that she might forget to take her medication on time and skipping meals. Dementia is a term used to describe persistent disorder of the brain, caused by a disease or injury making memory loss, personality change and impaired thinking. An early diagnosis can help these people to get the right treatment and support, and also help family members to prepare and plan for future support plan and treatment (NH Choices, 2013). 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Agricultural Industry Reforms in Australia

Question: Discuss about the Report for Agricultural Industry Reforms in Australia. Answer: Introduction The economist believes that there is a need to grow the agricultural productivity of a nation in a sustainable manner to seek the long-term welfare of the rural regions. It is important to note that the government of Australia has undergone various economic reforms to improve the current status of industrial production on which the GDP of the nation depends (Lee and Heshmati, 2009). It is important to note that the Australian agriculture industry has sought decline in the production due to various natural uncertainties. The paper has been developed to analyse the current microeconomic reforms in the Australian agricultural industry made by the government to improve the productivity of the economy. The study presents the overview of the agriculture industry of Australia and the policy reforms faced by the industry in the recent years. According to Kingwell (2013), the climate change in Australia has emerged to be the major challenge for the agriculture industry (Kingwell, 2013). A fall in the productivity has been evident in the recent years that must be checked to control the economic balance of the country. The implementation of innovative technology in agricultural production and legislation has been identified as major micro-economic reforms for the Australian agriculture industry. Furthermore, the government has introduced low-cost input strategy that minimises the cost of production and increases profitability of the farmers. Analysis of economic reform in agriculture industry The agriculture industry of Australia is one of the major contributors to the real GDP of the nation. It is important to note that around 60% of the agricultural products are exported to other countries that increased to 75% in 2012 (Salim and Islam, 2010). Hence, the economy seeks a comparative advantage in the excess production of the agriculture industry that helps it to earn foreign income. The Broadacre Farms cover around 54% of the total production of the agriculture industry that makes up 53% of the total agriculture business in the nation (ODonnell, 2010). On the other hand, horticulture industry makes up around 16 percent of the total agricultural production. A figure has been given below that presents the contribution of sub-industries in terms of the gross value production in the Australian agriculture industry. Figure: Share of gross value of Australia's agricultural production, by industry (2015) Source: (Connolly and Gustafsson, 2015) Climate change and decline in rainfall has been identified as major challenge for the agriculture industry. It is important to note that the production of the agriculture industry fell during the draught years (ODonnell, 2010). On the other hand, the excess production of the industry on other years using economic reforms has helped the country sustain the deficit of agricultural supplies during the draught years. A diagram has been presented below for better understanding. Figure: Impact of drought on the gross value of agricultural production Source: (Fuglie, Wang and Ball, 2012) It has been found that the contribution of the agriculture industry has increased from $14 billion in 1980 to $30 billion in the year 2012. Hence, several economic reforms have been introduced by the government of Australia that supports the growth of agriculture industry in the country (Salim and Islam, 2010). The Australian government has identified the prospects in agricultural industry over the past couple of decades or so the agriculture industry has been significantly contributed to the increase in Real GDP of the country. Hence, in order to improve the current status of agricultural sector in Australia, the government has enforced some crucial macro-economical as well as micro-economical reforms (Foster, 2015). Understandably, the primary aim of the agricultural reforms is to control the cost of production contributing to the growth of the sector. Furthermore, the government of the country has figured out effective cost-efficient and productive agricultural reforms so that the margin of profitability can be increased supporting to the farmers and people attached to the sector. Moreover, economy-wide agricultural reforms have been launched to construct improved agricultural structure (Anderson and Strutt, 2014). The economy-wide reforms have cut down the prices of transportation system, technology, electricity and new water irrigation facilities so that the farmers can utilise the necessary facilities at a reasonable cost. Apart from that, deregulation of significant financial services sector has delivered efficient credit policies for the farmers to strengthen the financial position of the agriculture sector. On the other hand, primary agricultural reforms include the low the cost of farming machinery, farming labours and efficient training programmes for the farming people to improve the knowledge, skills and productivity of the farmers associated with agricultural sector (Kingwell, 2013). In order to deliver the most sufficient financial, technological and business development within the farming industry, the Australian government has implemented economic reforms protecting the margin of production cost of the farmers. Meanwhile, contemporary industrial development and increasing growth in the industrial sector have somehow overshadowed the contribution of agricultural industry. Hence, the government has delivered suitable credit policy to the farmers so that the growth structure of the farming industry will be linked up with the reform deliverable. In addition to that, latest technology and innovation tactics have been influenced within the agricultural industry to support the productivity of the farmers (Connolly and Gustafsson, 2013). Significant changes have been made in the existing agricultural reforms to improve the current set of supply and demand model. Through the identification of the crucial productivity determinants, the economic reform policies have been directed towards agricultural sustainability improving the present status of the farming people. Nevertheless, the reforms have significantly participated in the improving condition of rural economy creating jobs in the agricultural market (Sheng, Jackson and Gooday, 2015). Through such reform measures, the government has also promoted agricultural industry and its contribution in front of the Australian society. Conclusion Though the agricultural industry of Australia has shown massive improvements in the past couple of decades, few issues and challenges have to be resolved providing support to the people attached to the same. Meanwhile, the identified reforms and policy measures have significantly contributed to the farming industry to say the least. By providing new technological assistance and training facilities, the government has improved the agricultural knowledge resources among the contemporary farmers. Furthermore, low prices of effective infrastructural facilities and product subsidies have helped to maintain significant production margins for farmers attached to the farming industry. Moreover, the changes in agricultural taxation through reform policies have added extra leverage to the farmers to secure improved profit margins. References Anderson, K. and Strutt, A. (2014). Emerging economies, productivity growth and trade with resource-rich economies by 2030.Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 58(4), pp.590-606. Connolly, E. and Gustafsson, L. (2015). Australian Productivity Growth: Trends and Determinants.Australian Economic Review, 46(4), pp.473-482. Foster, J. (2015). The Australian Multi-Factor Productivity Growth Illusion.Australian Economic Review, 48(1), pp.33-42. Fuglie, K., Wang, S. and Ball, V. (2012).Productivity growth in agriculture. Wallingford Oxfordshire, UK: CABI. Kingwell, R. (2013).Australias farming future: Western Australia. [online] Theconversation.com. Available at: https://theconversation.com/australias-farming-future-western-australia-14150 [Accessed Aug. 2016]. Lee, J. and Heshmati, A. (2009).Productivity, efficiency, and economic growth in the Asia-Pacific region. Heidelberg: Physica. ODonnell, C. (2010). Measuring and decomposing agricultural productivity and profitability change*.Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 54(4), pp.527-560. Salim, R. and Islam, N. (2010). Exploring the impact of RD and climate change on agricultural productivity growth: the case of Western Australia*.Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 54(4), pp.561-582. Sheng, Y., Jackson, T. and Gooday, P. (2015). Resource reallocation and its contribution to productivity growth in Australian broadacre agriculture.Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, p.n/a-n/a.